Origin, theories, and interpretations
Thor closely resembles other Indo-European deities associated with the thunder: the Celtic Taranis,[72][73] the Estonian Taara (or Tharapita), the Baltic Perkūnas, the Slavic Perun,[74] and particularly the Hindu Indra, whose thunderbolt weapon the vajra is an obvious parallels noted already by Max Müller.[75] Scholars have compared Indra's slaying of Vritra with Thor's battle with Jörmungandr.[73] Although in the past it was suggested that Thor was an indigenous sky god or a Viking Age import into Scandinavia, these Indo-European parallels make him generally accepted today as ultimately derived from a Proto-Indo-European deity.[73][76][77][78]
In Georges Dumézil's trifunctional hypothesis of Indo-European religion, Thor represents the second function, that of strength. Dumézil notes that as a result of displacements, he does not lead armies; most of the functions of Indra have been in effect taken over by Odin.[79] Many scholars have noted the association of Thor with fertility, particularly in later folklore and in the reflex of him represented by the Sami Hora galles ("Good-man Thor"). For Dumézil, this is the preservation by peasants of only the side-effect of the god's atmospheric battles: the fertilizing rain.[80] Others have emphasized Thor's close connection to humanity, in all its concerns.[81] Scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson summarizes:
The cult of Thor was linked with men's habitation and possessions, and with the well-being of the family and community. This included the fruitfulness of the fields, and Thor, although pictured primarily as a storm god in the myths, was also concerned with the fertility and preservation of the seasonal round. In our own times, little stone axes from the distant past have been used as fertility symbols and placed by the farmer in the holes made by the drill to receive the first seed of spring. Thor's marriage with Sif of the golden hair, about which we hear little in the myths, seems to be a memory of the ancient symbol of divine marriage between sky god and earth goddess, when he comes to earth in the thunderstorm and the storm brings the rain which makes the fields fertile. In this way Thor, as well as Odin, may be seen to continue the cult of the sky god which was known in the Bronze Age.[82]
In modern times, Thor continues to be referred to in art and fiction. Starting with F. J. Klopstock's 1776 ode to Thor, Wir und Sie, Thor has been the subject of poems in several languages, including Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger's 1807 epic poem Thors reise til Jotunheim and, by the same author, three more poems (Hammeren hentes, Thors fiskeri, and Thor besøger Hymir) collected in his 1819 Nordens Guder; Thors Trunk (1859) by Wilhelm Hertz; the 1820 satirical poem Mythologierne eller Gudatvisten by J. M. Stiernstolpe; Nordens Mythologie eller Sinnbilled-Sprog (1832) by N. F. S. Grundtvig; the poem Harmen by Thor Thorild; Der Mythus von Thor (1836) by Ludwig Uhland; Der Hammer Thors (1915) by W. Schulte v. Brühl; Hans Friedrich Blunck's Herr Dunnar und die Bauern (published in Märchen und Sagen, 1937); and Die Heimholung des Hammers (1977) by H. C. Artmann.[83] In English he features for example in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "The Challenge of Thor" (1863)[84] and in two works by Rudyard Kipling: Letters of Travel: 1892–1913 and "Cold Iron" in Rewards and Fairies. L. Sprague de Camp's Harold Shea met with Thor, as with other Norse gods, in the first of Shea's many fantasy adventures.
Artists have also depicted Thor in painting and sculpture, including Henry Fuseli's 1780 painting Thor Battering the Midgard Serpent; H. E. Freund's 1821–1822 statue Thor; B. E. Fogelberg's 1844 marble statue Thor; Mårten Eskil Winge's 1872 painting Thor's Fight with the Giants; K. Ehrenberg's 1883 drawing Odin, Thor und Magni; several illustrations by E. Doepler published in Wilhelm Ranisch's 1901 Walhall (Thor; Thor und die Midgardschlange; Thor den Hrungnir bekämpfend; Thor bei dem Riesen Þrym als Braut verkleidet; Thor bei Hymir; Thor bei Skrymir; Thor den Fluß Wimur durchwatend); J. C. Dollman's 1909 drawings Thor and the Mountain and Sif and Thor; G. Poppe's painting Thor; E. Pottner's 1914 drawing Thors Schatten; H. Natter's marble statue Thor; and U. Brember's 1977 illustrations to Die Heimholung des Hammers by H. C. Artmann.[83]
In the fields of science and technology, Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) discovered a chemical element that he named after Thor – thorium.[85] Thor is also the namesake of the PGM-17 Thor missile.
In 1962, American comic book artist Jack Kirby, Marvel Comics editor Stan Lee and his brother Larry Lieber created a feature in the comic book Journey Into Mystery, a series featuring Thor as a superhero.[86] This version of Thor is portrayed as a clean-shaven blonde, instead of red-haired and bearded. The magazine soon added the backup feature "Tales of Asgard" in which Kirby illustrated stories from Norse mythology; eventually, the magazine was retitled Thor. Lee and Kirby included Thor as a founding member of their superhero team the Avengers. Thor has been portrayed in the Marvel Cinematic Universe by Australian actor Chris Hemsworth, appearing in Thor, The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, Team Thor, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame and Thor: Love and Thunder.[87] Thor has also been featured in comic books by other publishers. In the Savage Dragon comics, Thor is portrayed as a villain. In Neil Gaiman's Sandman comic, Thor is portrayed as a buffoon who wields a tiny toffee hammer.
First described in 2013, Thor's hero shrew (Scutisorex thori) is a species of shrew native to the Democratic Republic of Congo. It and its sister species, the hero shrew (Scutisorex somereni), are the only mammal species known to have interlocking vertebrae.[88] The team named the shrew after Thor due to the god's association with strength.[88]
From 2015 to 2017, a fictionalised version of Thor was a supporting character in Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard, a trilogy[89] of fantasy novels written by American author Rick Riordan and published by Disney-Hyperion, set in the same fictional universe as the Camp Half-Blood Chronicles, and The Kane Chronicles series by the same author. Neil Gaiman's books American Gods and Norse Mythology also feature Thor.
In January 2020, the streaming service Netflix produced Ragnarok. In the show, a high school student, Magne Seier, receives Thor's powers and abilities to fight the giants that are polluting Norway and murdering people. Netflix released the second season on 27 May 2021. Thor/Magne is portrayed by David Stakston.[90]
Thor is also featured in a number of video games. In the 2002 Ensemble Studios game Age of Mythology, Thor is one of three major gods Norse players can worship.[91][92][93] In Santa Monica Studio's 2018 video game God of War, Thor is mentioned throughout and his sons Magni and Modi are secondary antagonists. Thor makes an appearance at the end of the main storyline if certain difficulty conditions are met by the player.[94][95] He makes a much more substantial appearance in the game's 2022 sequel God of War Ragnarök as a primary antagonist, played by Ryan Hurst.[96] Thor is also mentioned in Ubisoft's 2020 game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, where items of his such as Mjölnir can be found and used by the player in combat.[97] Thor is also one of the playable gods in the third-person multiplayer online battle arena game Smite.[98]
2017 Marvel Studios film
Thor: Ragnarok is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to Thor (2011) and Thor: The Dark World (2013), and is the 17th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Taika Waititi from a screenplay by Eric Pearson and the writing team of Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost, and stars Chris Hemsworth as Thor alongside Tom Hiddleston, Cate Blanchett, Idris Elba, Jeff Goldblum, Tessa Thompson, Karl Urban, Mark Ruffalo, and Anthony Hopkins. In Thor: Ragnarok, Thor must escape the alien planet Sakaar in time to save Asgard from Hela (Blanchett) and the impending Ragnarök.
A third Thor film was confirmed in January 2014, when Kyle and Yost began work on the screenplay. The involvement of Hemsworth and Hiddleston was announced that October, and the film's title was revealed to be Thor: Ragnarok later that month. Waititi joined the film as director a year later, after Thor: The Dark World director Alan Taylor chose not to return. Ruffalo joined the cast reprising the role of Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films, which allowed elements of the 2006 comic storyline "Planet Hulk" to be adapted for Ragnarok. The rest of the cast, including Blanchett as Hela, was confirmed in May 2016, with Pearson's involvement revealed at the start of filming that July. Principal photography took place in Brisbane and Sydney, Australia, with the film also having exclusive use of Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, concluding in October 2016.
Thor: Ragnarok premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on October 10, 2017, and was released in the United States on November 3, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. The film received praise for its acting and Waititi's direction, as well as the action sequences, visual effects, musical score, and humor, with many critics considering it to be the best installment of the Thor franchise. It grossed $855 million, becoming the highest-grossing film of the series and the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2017. A sequel, Thor: Love and Thunder, was released in July 2022.
Two years after the Battle of Sokovia,[a] Thor is imprisoned by the fire demon Surtur, who reveals that Thor's father Odin is no longer on Asgard. He explains that the realm will soon be destroyed during the prophesied apocalypse Ragnarök, once Surtur unites his crown with the Eternal Flame that burns in Odin's vault. Thor frees himself, defeats Surtur, and takes his crown, believing he has prevented Ragnarök. Thor returns to Asgard to find Heimdall gone and his estranged brother Loki posing as Odin. He forces Loki to help find their father, who Loki put a spell on after his presumed sacrifice years before.
With directions from Stephen Strange, they find Odin in Norway. Unpossessed, Odin explains that he is dying, Ragnarök is imminent despite Thor's efforts, and his death will free his firstborn child, Hela, from Hel, a prison she was sealed in long ago. Hela, a sibling Thor and Loki did not know existed, was the leader of Asgard's armies and conquered the Nine Realms with Odin, but he imprisoned her and wrote her out of history after she became too bloodthirsty and did not share his views on peace.
Odin dies and Hela appears, destroying Thor's hammer Mjolnir. She pursues the two as they attempt to flee through the Bifröst Bridge, knocking them out into space. Arriving in Asgard, Hela defeats its army, slays the Warriors Three, and resurrects the ancient dead who once fought with her, including her giant wolf Fenris. She appoints the Asgardian Skurge as her executioner. Hela plans to use the Bifröst to expand Asgard's empire, but Heimdall takes the sword that controls the Bifröst.
Meanwhile, Thor crash-lands on Sakaar, a garbage planet surrounded by wormholes. A slave trader designated Scrapper 142 subdues him with an obedience disk and sells him as a gladiator to Sakaar's ruler, the Grandmaster, with whom Loki has already ingratiated himself. Thor recognizes 142 as a Valkyrie, one of a legendary force of female warriors who were killed fighting Hela eons ago. Thor is forced to compete in the Grandmaster's Contest of Champions, facing his friend Hulk. Summoning lightning, Thor gets the upper hand, but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk's victory. Still enslaved after the fight, Thor attempts to convince Hulk and 142 to help him save Asgard, but neither is willing.
Thor finds the Quinjet that brought Hulk to Sakaar. A recording of Natasha Romanoff causes Hulk to transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time since leaving Sokovia. 142 decides to help Thor save Asgard. Loki helps them steal one of the Grandmaster's ships. They liberate the other gladiators who, incited by two aliens named Korg and Miek, stage a revolution. Loki again attempts to betray his brother, but Thor anticipates this and incapacitates him. Thor, Banner, and 142 escape through a wormhole to Asgard, where Hela's forces attack Heimdall and the Asgardian citizens. Hulk defeats Fenris; Loki and the gladiators arrive to help, and a repentant Skurge sacrifices himself to save the citizens.
Thor, battling Hela, loses his right eye and has a vision of Odin that helps him realize only Ragnarök can stop her, as she is too powerful. He sends Loki to trigger Ragnarök by placing Surtur's crown in the Eternal Flame. Surtur is reborn and destroys Asgard, killing Hela. Aboard the Grandmaster's spaceship, the Statesman, Thor, now king, reconciles with Loki and decides to take his people to Earth. In a mid-credits scene, they are intercepted by a large spacecraft.[b] In a post-credits scene, the overthrown Grandmaster is confronted by his former subjects.
Additionally, Tadanobu Asano, Ray Stevenson, and Zachary Levi reprise their roles as Hogun, Volstagg, and Fandral, respectively, members of the Warriors Three.[23][41] Feige called their appearances "noble ends" that served to establish the threat of Hela and the danger she poses to the main characters.[42] Benedict Cumberbatch reprises his role as Dr. Stephen Strange from the film Doctor Strange (2016) on a brief appearance.[43] Rachel House, who has appeared in several of Waititi's films, plays Topaz, the Grandmaster's chief enforcer,[20][44] while Waititi portrays Korg, a Kronan gladiator who befriends Thor. Waititi provided a motion-capture performance for the character, who is made of rocks, and wanted to do something different by having the character be soft-spoken,[45][46] ultimately basing Korg's voice on that of Polynesian bouncers, as well as his friend and frequent co-star, Rhys Darby.[47][48] Waititi also provided the motion-capture performance for the fire demon Surtur, based on the mythological being Surtr, with Clancy Brown voicing the character.[49] Thor and Hulk co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man on Sakaar who cuts Thor's hair.[50] There are also several cameos in a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World: Sam Neill, with whom Waititi previously worked on Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), plays the Odin actor;[51][52] Luke Hemsworth, brother of Chris, plays the Thor actor; Matt Damon plays the Loki actor;[52] and Charlotte Nicdao plays the Sif actress.[53] Scarlett Johansson appears as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow through archival footage from Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015).[54]
While promoting the release of Thor: The Dark World in October 2013, Chris Hemsworth expressed willingness to portray Thor for as long as "people wanted more", adding that he was contracted for another Thor film and two more Avengers films.[55] Producer Kevin Feige stated that the next Thor would build from elements at the end of The Dark World.[56] In January 2014, Marvel announced that Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost would write the screenplay for a third film, with Feige again producing;[57] the story was being outlined that July.[58] At the end of October 2014, Feige announced that the film would be titled Thor: Ragnarok, with a scheduled release date of July 28, 2017. Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston were set to return as Thor and Loki, respectively.[3][10] Hemsworth earned $15 million for the film.[59] Feige added that the film would be "very important" in Phase Three of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU),[60] and also confirmed that, in the context of the film, the word Ragnarok means "the end of all things".[61] He felt that "people will [not] read into that title alone what the movie's going to be."[62]
In February 2015, Marvel pushed back the release date to November 3, 2017.[63] That April, Feige was expecting a draft for the film soon,[64] and a month later he stated that a director, additional screenwriter, and further casting announcements would be revealed "towards the end of the summer",[65] with filming set for June 2016.[66] The Dark World director Alan Taylor explained that he would not be returning, as "the Marvel experience was particularly wrenching because I was sort of given absolute freedom while we were shooting, and then in [post-production] it turned into a different movie. So, that is something I hope never to repeat and don't wish upon anybody else."[67] During the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con, Jaimie Alexander said that she would reprise her role as Sif in "a very pivotal part" of the film.[68][69]
I think the overall sense that I'm trying to give to the audience and what I want the audience to leave the cinema carrying with them is a sense of joy really... Sometimes I would stop and think, I'm doing a movie that's got Thor and Doctor Strange and the Incredible Hulk and Loki and every character is so strange and different... Civil War it's just humans, humans with human problems. Ours is creatures and beings and all these sorts of really different characters.
By October 2015, Taika Waititi had entered negotiations to direct Ragnarok. Other directors under consideration included Ruben Fleischer, Rob Letterman, and Rawson Marshall Thurber.[71] Elizabeth Banks had expressed interest in presenting a pitch for the film, but never ultimately met with Marvel to do so.[72] Marvel presented the prospective directors with "the ten different ideas that we had for the movie", asking them all to come back with a clearer picture of what the film should be.[73] Waititi created "a sizzle reel for the tone, and some joke stuff" using clips from other films,[73][74] including Big Trouble in Little China (1986).[75] Despite being a discouraged practice within the company, Marvel considered Waititi's reel to be "amazing",[73] particularly its use of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" for the score,[76] which Feige felt "defined what Taika was going to do with this". The song was later used in the film itself, and for marketing it.[76] On why he decided to pursue directing the film, after stating in 2012 that he had no interest in "big features, where the art of the project was sacrificed for profit", Waititi said he felt "like a guest in Marvel's universe but with the creative freedom to do what I want".[77] Waititi was confirmed as director of the film by multiple news outlets later in October.[78][79][80]
In the same month, Mark Ruffalo was also finalizing a deal to reprise his role as Bruce Banner / Hulk from previous MCU films,[36] which was confirmed shortly after.[81] Hulk was last seen at the end of Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) traveling in a Quinjet, which was originally planned to be shown flying near Saturn. Feige explained that this was changed to an Earth-based location to leave Hulk's fate ambiguous and dispel rumors that a film based on the 2006 comic storyline "Planet Hulk" was in development, since Marvel Studios had no plans to adapt the storyline at the time.[82] According to executive producer Brad Winderbaum, the idea to include Hulk in Ragnarok came early on in development, when the production team looked at the "Planet Hulk" storyline and felt it was a "no brainer" to integrate Hulk into the Thor franchise, exploring "the idea of a planet where there's gladiatorial games as a Thor predicament. [That storyline] was a really cool idea to us."[83] Feige further explained that initial discussions had focused on doing "something totally different with Thor", and that centered on continuing the relationship with Loki and ideas for Hela, Valkyrie, Balder the Brave, and Beta Ray Bill, "but we were like, 'We need something big.'" This turned to discussing Thor going to space, and jokingly calling it "Planet Thor", which led to including Hulk in the film and revealing that he ultimately went to space at the end of Age of Ultron.[82]
Also in October, Australia's Minister for Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop announced that filming would take place in the country,[84] exclusively throughout the state of Queensland, including at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, Gold Coast. According to Premier Annastacia Palaszczuk, the production was to spend over $100 million in Queensland and employ 750 Queenslanders.[85] Hemsworth had asked Marvel to produce the film in his home country of Australia.[86] At the end of November 2015, Stellan Skarsgård, who portrayed Erik Selvig in the previous Thor films, said that he was contracted to appear should Marvel want to include him, but he was uncertain at the time if they did.[87] He later confirmed that he would not appear in Ragnarok.[88] The next month, Stephany Folsom was hired to work on the script, and Cate Blanchett entered final negotiations to join the cast.[15][89]
In January 2016, with the film beginning pre-production,[85][90] Ruffalo described it as a "road movie" and indicated that additional filming would take place in Sydney.[91] Waititi stated that he was working on the script "a little bit", mainly adding humor to the screenplay,[92] with Eric Pearson joining the project to rewrite the screenplay. Pearson felt joining presented many challenges, as "there were so many puzzle pieces already there," such as having Blanchett as Hela,[93] who was confirmed in the role a month later,[94] and including Hulk, Valkyrie, and Skurge, that he was asked to assemble. Pearson was told not to be restrained by anything from the previous films, and Waititi asked him to make the film fun and have Thor "be the coolest character."[93] Alexander said in early March that she was no longer sure if she would appear in the film, due to scheduling conflicts with her television series Blindspot (2015–2020).[95] She later indicated that this may not be the case,[25][96] but ultimately was unable to appear in the film due to the conflict.[97][98] Sif does appear as a character in the play based on the events of The Dark World, portrayed by Charlotte Nicdao.[53]
In April, Tessa Thompson was cast as Valkyrie,[11][34] with Natalie Portman not returning from the previous films as love interest Jane Foster.[99][100] Marvel never asked the screenwriters to include the Earth-based characters from the previous films,[101] and Feige said that Foster and Thor have broken up between films.[31] In May, Marvel confirmed Blanchett and Thompson for the film, announced the casting of Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster and Karl Urban as Skurge, and revealed that Idris Elba and Anthony Hopkins would reprise their respective roles of Heimdall and Odin from the previous films.[11] In early June, Palaszczuk and Marvel Studios executive David Grant announced that filming would begin on July 4, 2016,[102] with Weta Workshop creating props for the film.[35] Before the sets for Marvel's Doctor Strange (2016) were demolished, Waititi wrote and filmed a scene for Ragnarok where Thor meets Benedict Cumberbatch's Stephen Strange. Marvel and Doctor Strange director Scott Derrickson felt the scene was "kind of perfect" to show Strange joining the wider MCU, so the scene also appears during the credits of Doctor Strange.[43][103][104]
Feige noted that Ragnarok would primarily take place in the "cosmos" rather than on Earth, a departure from the previous Thor films.[62][105] He expanded by saying, "Tonally and geographically there are a lot of different planets outside of the nine realms that we visit" in the film.[99] Waititi consulted with theoretical physicist Clifford Johnson on space travel. Johnson viewed early drafts of the script, and gave Waititi physics ideas that could "wink at some of the classic old [Thor] stuff"; Johnson previously consulted on the second season of the MCU television series Agent Carter (2015–2016).[106] Astronomer-physicist Adam Frank was also a consultant on the film, advising on wormholes and interstellar travel.[107] Comic artist and Thor co-creator Jack Kirby was one of Waititi's major visual inspirations for the film.[108] Winderbaum also called Walt Simonson's "Ragnarok" story arc an inspiration for "really fun elements ... both stylistically and narratively", as well as Thor: God of Thunder by Jason Aaron, which was the inspiration for Hela's design and abilities.[21] Waititi said the planet Sakaar, which is featured in the "Planet Hulk" storyline, was "the biggest shift for the film and these characters",[108] with Winderbaum describing it as "the toilet of the universe", surrounded by "wormholes that have been spitting things out into this place for eons".[83] Also featured is Muspelheim, one of the Nine Realms, ruled by Surtur. Production designer Dan Hennah described it as a Dyson sphere, with the realm drawing power out of a dying star to energize its inhabitants.[109] Hennah hoped to give Asgard "more of a humanity" than in previous films, by adding smaller building perspectives to help the realm seem more practical and utilitarian. For Saakar's gladiator arena, Hennah looked at Roman gladiators, but differentiated from previous similar ideas by going "all alien with it". The arena is surrounded by "standing up bleachers".[110]
Waititi said that the film would reinvent the franchise, as "a lot of what we're doing with the film is, in a way, kind of dismantling and destroying the old idea and rebuilding it in a new way that's fresh. Everyone's got a slightly new take on their characters, so in that way, it feels like [this is] the first Thor (2011)."[8] He added that he had seen the other films and respected them, but wanted to focus on making a "standalone film because this could be the only time I do this. I just want to make it [my] version of a Marvel film in the best way possible."[9] This is something Hemsworth had hoped for, looking to have a lighter tone in Ragnarok compared to the previous Thor films, especially the second one, similar to Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). He said, "I feel we had less of the sort of the naivety or fun or humor that the first [Thor] might have had. I wish we had more of that in the second [movie] ... We've done regal. We've done Shakespeare, and we've shown that. I think now it's time to go, 'Ok, cool. Let's try something different.'"[111] Hemsworth continued that in order to prevent the character or film from becoming "predictable", there was "definitely a goal to do something unexpected...I think we want to get back to more of a sense of adventure and fun".[112]
The events of Ragnarok are set four years after the events of The Dark World, two years after the events of Age of Ultron,[3][113] and around the same time as the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), with Winderbaum noting that "things happen on top of each other now in Phase Three."[5] The events of Ragnarok also set up Avengers: Infinity War (2018),[8] and Hemsworth spoke to Infinity War directors Anthony and Joe Russo before receiving the script for Ragnarok to see how it would link to Infinity War. He said Ragnarok "definitely bleeds nicely into those [films]",[5] and Winderbaum likened Ragnarok's impact on the larger MCU to that of Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), saying it would break down ideas regarding Asgard that were previously established similar "to how Winter Soldier broke down S.H.I.E.L.D."[5]
Principal photography began on July 4, 2016,[102][114] under the working title Creature Report,[115][116] at Village Roadshow Studios in Oxenford, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia,[85] exclusively using all nine of the studios' sound stages.[117] Additional filming was to occur throughout the state of Queensland,[85] including Tamborine National Park.[23] The Brisbane central business district, where filming took place from August 22 to 25,[26][115][118] was used to double as New York City.[119] Javier Aguirresarobe served as cinematographer on the film,[114][120] describing his work on the film as "a rare combination of satisfaction and frustration", feeling that he was mostly there to service the director and visual effects supervisor, but felt "very happy to have been able to respond to such incredible technical requirements".[121]
Later in July, regarding the film's "buddy-style comedy" nature, Waititi said that the script had changed from then and it was still unclear what the final film would look like, but there "are buddy elements to it between Thor and the Hulk".[77] He said it would be a "'70s/'80s sci-fi fantasy" and "the most 'out there' of all the Marvel movies",[122] with the tone closest to that of Big Trouble in Little China.[75] Inspiration for the road-trip aspect of the film included 48 Hrs. (1982), Withnail and I (1987), and Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987).[8] Waititi also asked the heads of each department to watch Flash Gordon (1980) before beginning work.[123] Concept art released at San Diego Comic Con in 2016 revealed that the character Fenris Wolf would appear.[124][125]
By August, over 100 set and construction workers were given termination notifications, with some complaining that they had been promised work until October or November 2016, and that New Zealand crew members were receiving preferential treatment over the Australian locals. However, Premier Palaszczuk stated that the work for set builders simply "finished", and that other jobs would become available as actors arrived for filming.[126] Sets constructed for the film were for Sakaar, including the Grandmaster's palace and surrounding junkyard, as well as Asgard (based on the aesthetics of the previous Thor films).[23] The interior of the Avenger Quinjet, which was built for The Avengers (2012), was shipped to Australia.[116] Waititi, who is Māori, made hiring Indigenous and Aboriginal Australians, along with New Zealanders, a priority for the various departments, saying, "It's a responsibility you have to the Indigenous people. You're coming to a country and you're bringing money into the economy and creating jobs but I think you have an even bigger responsibility to look after the people that have less opportunities." He added that having these people on the crew "feel[s] very much like family" and "helps calm me down and makes me feel relaxed". The Indigenous and Aboriginals were hired as part of an initiative by Screen Australia's Indigenous Department, whose mission is "to give Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders a foot in the door of the film industry".[127]
In mid-September 2016, concept art seen during a set visit indicated Midgard Serpent would appear,[128] and that Sif and the Warriors Three, allies of Thor in the previous two films, would be addressed in Ragnarok.[33] Towards the end of the month, Sam Neill, who worked with Waititi in Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), revealed he had a role in the film.[51] Shortly after, Waititi teased the inclusion of the characters Korg,[129] who Waititi portrays through motion-capture,[45] and Miek,[130] who is not portrayed by an actor as he does not speak in the film, and is depicted as "a larva-like creature... [with] cybernetic legs and arms".[45] In mid-October, Waititi revealed that new camera technology had been used for a shot in the film, and that he had hoped to include John C. Reilly's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey from Guardians of the Galaxy in the film, but there was "no real way to pull it off".[122] Principal photography wrapped on October 28, 2016.[131] Second unit filming took place on Dirk Hartog Island off the coast of Western Australia, and in the South Island of New Zealand.[23] According to Waititi, 80 percent of the dialogue in Ragnarok was improvised, in order to create a "very loose and collaborate mood" among the cast, and as an attempt to replicate the tone and sensibility from his previous films. He stated, "My style of working is I'll often be behind the camera, or right next to the camera yelling words at people, like, 'Say this, say this! Say it this way!'"[132]
In January 2017, it was revealed that Pearson would receive sole screenwriting credit on the film, with the story credited to Kyle, Yost, and Folsom.[133] These credits were later updated the following September, with Pearson as the screenwriter and story credit for Kyle and Yost. Folsom took issue with Marvel marketing the film with these credits, noting the Writers Guild of America (WGA) had yet to determine the final credits for the film.[134] She later said that Marvel had given her a story credit on the film, but it was denied by the WGA due to their regulation that a maximum of two individuals can receive story credit, with an allowance for a writing team to count as one individual; Pearson and the team of Kyle and Yost received the story credit on Ragnarok. Folsom added that she planned to appeal the decision and that Marvel has been supportive of her throughout her attempt to receive credit.[135] By the end of the month, the writing credits were updated once again, this time simply crediting Pearson, Kyle, and Yost as screenwriters.[93][97][136]
In February 2017, Rachel House said she had a small role in the film, having worked with Waititi before.[44] Additional filming took place in Atlanta in July 2017, over three weeks,[137][138] including filming post-credit scenes.[139] One of these introduces the spaceship Sanctuary II, which belongs to Thanos in Avengers: Infinity War,[4] while the other, shown at the end of the credits, features the Grandmaster. Goldblum and Waititi improvised multiple versions of the latter scene; one unused version involved the singing of the Sakaarian national anthem, which was "made up on the spot".[140] Also filmed in Atlanta was the completion of a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World. Neill appears in the sequence as the Odin actor, and Hemsworth's brother Luke portrays the Thor actor.[141] Explaining the sequence, Waititi said, "if I was Loki and I was ruling Asgard, I would write a play about myself and force everyone to go and see it—change the details of the play and get a huge celebrity to play myself." For the Loki actor, they "really wanted someone good and someone who's funny", and Chris Hemsworth suggested that Matt Damon, whom he knew personally, take on the role.[52] Damon was in New York City at the time, and flew to Atlanta just to shoot the cameo "on a lark".[52][141] Also changed during reshoots was the location of the sequence where Thor and Loki find Odin on Earth, and Hela subsequently destroys Mjolnir. Originally set in a New York City alley, Waititi decided that the environment was distracting from the emotions of the sequence. The location was changed to Norway, which Waititi felt gave more weight to the scenes, made Odin's storyline more "authentic", and also allowed the characters and the audience to "chill out for a second, and have that moment, because the rest of the film basically just runs at a clip".[40]
By the time the reshoots for the film were completed, the film had been cut down from Waititi's initial version of two hours and forty minutes to around ninety minutes, with that expected to increase slightly with the newly filmed scenes. However, after the film's 2017 Comic Con panel, it was decided to add back a lot of the jokes that had been removed, with the final runtime being two hours and ten minutes.[123] Joel Negron and Zene Baker served as editors on the film.[23][116] Waititi described the process of deciding exactly what jokes to keep as "very tricky ... sometimes it would be funny in the beginning of the film and then not funny at all [or] it was funny in the wrong places and in the end, we had to just keep testing jokes and testing parts of the film".[142] Ragnarok also clarifies that an Infinity Gauntlet seen in Thor was a fake. Feige expanded, saying that it had been included in Thor as an easter egg, since Marvel Studios was "working on The Avengers and trying to [put] that all together for the conclusion of Phase One." However, shortly after The Avengers released and the studio began to solidify plans for Infinity War, they realized that the gauntlet seen in Thor could not be the actual one, creating an internal theory that it was fake; this resulted in the scene in Ragnarok, which was created "just [to have] the opportunity to call it a fake".[141]
Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic's (ILM) San Francisco and Vancouver studios,[143] with help from Base FX, Animatrik, and Virtuos; Framestore; Method Studios Vancouver; Digital Domain; Rising Sun Pictures; Luma Pictures; D Negative; Iloura; Image Engine; Trixter; The Secret Lab; WhiskyTree Inc; Fin Designs + Effects; and Perception.[23] Previsualization work was provided by The Third Floor and Day for Nite.[23][144] Luma Pictures produced over 200 shoots in eight sequences, particularly for the characters Korg (receiving assets from Framestore) and Miek. Method Studios provided over 450 shots, including Thor's opening fight against Surtur in Muspelheim and Hela's fight against the Asgardian guards. D Negative worked on over 190 shots, creating the environment for the planet Sakaar, including its junkyard landscape and wormholes, with the wormholes also created through a collaboration with Digital Domain.[145] The film's main-on-end title sequence was designed by Perception.[146]
ILM, who worked on previous incarnations of the Hulk, had to add much more detail to the character's facial features in Ragnarok due to the Hulk's increased dialogue. ILM visual effects supervisor Chad Wiebe explained that Ruffalo's expressions were captured fresh for the film using Medusa, a performance capture technology. With 90 different expressions captured, ILM "built an entirely new library that would allow [Hulk] to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics."[145] To help create the Hulk, a person on set was covered in green body paint, and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists.[83] Additionally, stunt actor Paul Lowe, who is under 5 feet (1.52 m) tall, stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk's stuntmen would be proportionally correct. In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted, a digital double was used for Thor, also created by ILM, to have greater flexibility for the shots. ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence, which was completed by Framestore using ILM's assets, as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence. Framestore completed nearly 460 shots, which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela, Fenris, Korg, Miek, the giant Surtur at the end of the film, and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard, based on assets D Negative had from The Dark World, resulting in over 263 character, vehicle, prop, and crowd rigs.[145]
Rising Sun Pictures produced more than 170 visual effects shots for Ragnarok. They worked on the Valkyrie flashback sequence, with the sequence's surreal ethereal appearance achieved through a combination of motion capture, computer graphics, a 900 fps high-speed frame rate, and a special 360-degree lighting rig containing 200 strobe lights to bathe the scene in undulating patterns of light and shadow. Rising Sun also helped create the various CGI aspects of Hela, such as her "hair wipe transition" to her horns, and her original introduction in New York City. Following the reshoots, ImageEngine completed the new Norway introduction since Rising Sun was focused on the palace fight by then.[147]
By August 2016, Mark Mothersbaugh was hired to score the film.[148][149] The synthesized score is influenced by the work of Jean-Michel Jarre.[20] Waititi stated he would have asked the band Queen to work on the soundtrack for the film if their lead singer Freddie Mercury was still alive, because the film is "a cool, bold, colorful cosmic adventure" which would have suited the "feel" of the band.[150] Additional music featured in the film include "Immigrant Song" by Led Zeppelin and "Pure Imagination" from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971). Patrick Doyle's themes from Thor and Brian Tyler's themes from The Dark World and Avengers: Age of Ultron, as well as Joe Harnell's "The Lonely Man" theme from The Incredible Hulk series, are also used in the film.[23] Hollywood Records released the film's soundtrack digitally on October 20, 2017, and physically on November 10, 2017.[151]
At the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, a physical model of Hulk's gladiator armor was revealed,[152] concept art and rough animatics were shown,[124] and a "mockumentary" short titled Team Thor was screened. Directed by Waititi, it showed what Thor and Banner were doing during the events of Civil War,[124][153] with Daley Pearson appearing as Thor's Australian flatmate Darryl Jacobson. The short was released online in August 2016,[153] and with the digital download of Captain America: Civil War the following month.[154] Team Thor: Part 2 was released on the home media of Doctor Strange in February 2017, with Pearson reprising his role.[153][155] Footage and concept art for the film were shown at CinemaCon 2017.[156]
On April 10, 2017, the first teaser trailer was released. Sandy Schaefer of Screen Rant felt it was "a strong start" for the film, having "a distinctly playful vibe" by setting it to "Immigrant Song".[157] The Verge's Chaim Gartenberg said "this may be the weirdest Marvel movie to date" thanks to the costumes, makeup, and '80s aesthetic.[158] Michael Arbeiter for Nerdist was pleased with the teaser, stating, "nothing in the MCU thus far can hold a candle to the imagination promised by this ... have any of [the previous MCU films] felt this beholden to what we've always known and loved as the adventure genre?"[159] The teaser was viewed 136 million times in 24 hours, the third-highest in that time frame, behind The Fate of the Furious (139 million) and It (197 million). It also became Disney and Marvel's most viewed trailer within that time period, surpassing Beauty and the Beast (127 million) and Captain America: Civil War (94 million), respectively.[160] The line from the trailer of Thor saying Hulk "is a friend from work" was suggested to Hemsworth by a Make-A-Wish child visiting the set on the day the scene was filmed.[161]
Props and costumes from the film were on display at D23 Expo 2017 along with set pieces for photo opportunities.[162] The costumes were also on display at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con,[163] where Waititi and cast members promoted the film. Exclusive clips were shown, along with a new trailer.[13][24] Ethan Anderton of /Film felt "the blend of comedy and bright, vibrant comic book action" in the trailer was "incredible".[164] Collider's Haleigh Foutch was "in love with this trailer" and "all in" on the film.[165] Germain Lussier for io9 called the trailer "a two-and-a-half-minute ball of action, awesomeness, humor, and insanity that may be the most purely fun Marvel movie trailer we've ever seen."[166] The poster also released was praised, being called by Anthony Couto from Comic Book Resources as "quite stunning", "insanely colorful", and "perfectly symmetrical",[167] with Matt Goldberg of Collider feeling it "really [lets] you know that this Thor movie is going to be radically different than the first two".[168] Due to the Comic-Con presentation, Thor: Ragnarok generated over 264,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23, the most out of any film during that time period, according to Comscore and its PreAct service.[169] It remained the most-discussed film on social media for two more weeks.[170][171]
In August 2017, Marvel partnered with car manufacturer Renault on a commercial supporting the release of the Kwid in Brazil. Directed by Jonathan Gurvit and shot in São Paulo, it features the Hulk destroying a satellite headed towards the city. Framestore worked on visual effects for the commercial, building on the foundation they had from working on the character in previous films.[172][173] Also in August, Marvel, in partnership with Dolby Laboratories, Synchrony Bank, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Broadcom Masters, and Society for Science & the Public, announced the "Superpower of STEM Challenge", aimed at females aged 15 through 18 in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education) fields, to "create an original Do-It-Yourself project that can be replicated by others" and "help their family, community or the world be safer, healthier or happier". Five winners would attend the film's world premiere, receive a tour of Walt Disney Studios, and a $500 saving account from Synchrony Bank, with one grand prize winner attending "an immersive three-day mentorship in New York City with Disney Imagineering" to create a "professional-level video teaching other young people how to recreate" their winning project. They were also given the opportunity to demonstrate the project on Good Morning America.[174]
For the week of August 21, Ragnarok once again had the most social media conversations, according to comScore and its PreAct service. New clips of Thor and Hulk fighting, released on the same day as the Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Conor McGregor fight, helped generate the 57,000 new conversations for the week.[175] From September 25 to October 15, Ragnarok had the second-most social media conversations according to the service,[176][177] and was once again first for the week of October 16 following the release of extended clips and plot details.[178] Beginning October 6, 2017, Disney California Adventure showed a sneak peek of the film at the Sunset Showcase Theater in Hollywood Land, presented in 3D with "special in-theater effects".[179] Ahead of the United States release of the film, Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Blanchett, Goldblum, Ruffalo, and Thompson appeared with James Corden on The Late Late Show with James Corden to present a "4D" version of the film, which was actually a stage play. The cast performed various scenes from the film live in low-budget costumes and with cardboard stage props.[180] Additional promotional partners of the film included Red Robin, United Healthcare, and Screenvision Media.[181]
Thor: Ragnarok had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, on October 10, 2017,[182][183] and its Australian premiere took place on October 13, on the Gold Coast.[184] It was released in the United Kingdom on October 24, 2017,[185] with additional international releases on October 25,[113] and in Australia on October 26.[186] The film was released in the United States and Canada on November 3,[63] in 4,080 theaters, of which over 3,400 were 3D, 381 were IMAX and IMAX 3D, and 204 were D-Box.[187] The film opened in 1,187 IMAX theaters globally, which was a November opening weekend record.[181] It was originally scheduled for release on July 28, 2017.[3] Thor: Ragnarok is part of Phase Three of the MCU.[188]
Thor: Ragnarok was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on February 20, 2018, and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray, DVD and On-Demand on March 6. The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes; audio commentary; deleted scenes; a blooper reel; and Team Darryl, a continuation of the "mockumentary" short films Team Thor and Team Thor: Part 2, in which the Grandmaster moves in with Darryl after Thor leaves.[189] In one of the deleted scenes, Michael Rooker makes an appearance as Yondu, reprising the role from the first two Guardians of the Galaxy films. James Gunn, writer and director of the Guardians films, clarified that Yondu was never meant to appear in the final film, and that Rooker was on a nearby set recording material for the Halloween variant of the theme park attraction Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!; and decided to stop by the Ragnarok set "to goof around".[190]
The film debuted at number one on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart during its first week of release, which tracks combined DVD and Blu-ray Disc unit sales, and a dedicated Blu-ray Disc sales chart. Blu-ray accounted for 83% of unit sales, with 11% coming from Ultra HD Blu-ray. Thor: Ragnarok also debuted second on the Media Play News rental chart behind Coco.[191] In its second week, the film fell to number two on the NPD VideoScan chart, coming in behind Justice League, but rose to number one on the Media Play News rental chart.[192] The IMAX Enhanced version of the film was made available on Disney+ beginning on November 12, 2021.[193]
Thor: Ragnarok grossed $316 million in the United States and Canada, and $539 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $855 million.[2] In September 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Ragnarok was the most anticipated fall film.[194] On the weekend of November 3, 2017, the film earned $25.4 million from IMAX showings, surpassing Doctor Strange as the largest for a November weekend.[181] The film had earned $650.1 million globally, surpassing the total grosses for Thor ($449.3 million) and Thor: The Dark World ($644.6 million), by the end of its third weekend.[195][196] It became the ninth-highest-grossing film of 2017.[197] Deadline Hollywood calculated the film's net profit as $174.2 million, accounting for production budgets, marketing, talent participations, and other costs; box office grosses and home media revenues placed it eighth on their list of 2017's "Most Valuable Blockbusters".[198]
Thor: Ragnarok earned $46.8 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada (including $14.5 million from Thursday night previews), and had a total weekend gross of $122.7 million, which was the top film for the weekend, the sixth-best November opening, and the largest opening for all Thor films. IMAX contributed $12.2 million, which was the second-best IMAX opening of 2017 and its third-best November opening. The film's earnings on Sunday ($32.1 million), was the second-best Sunday in November after The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013) ($34.5 million).[181] The film had been projected to gross $100–125 million in its opening weekend.[199][200] Ragnarok remained the number one film in its second weekend, having earned a total of $211.6 million, which surpassed the entire runs of Thor ($181 million) and The Dark World ($206.4 million).[201] In its third weekend, Thor: Ragnarok fell to third at the box office,[202] and fourth in its fourth and fifth weekends.[203][204] The film surpassed its projected total domestic gross of $280 million in its fifth weekend with $291.4 million,[204][205] Thor: Ragnarok was fifth in its sixth weekend,[206] and seventh in its seventh weekend, the final weekend it remained in the top 10.[207]
Outside the United States and Canada, the film opened in 36 markets in its first weekend, ranking first in all, and earning $109.1 million, $6 million of which came from 189 IMAX screens. The United Kingdom opening ($16.2 million) was the best October opening for a non-James Bond film. South Korea ($15.7 million), Australia ($8.4 million), Brazil ($8.1 million), Indonesia ($5.5 million), Taiwan ($5.4 million), the Philippines ($3.8 million), Malaysia ($3.5 million), New Zealand, Vietnam, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, and South Africa had the best October opening weekend ever, while France ($7.7 million) had the second-best. Brazil also had the third-best debut for an MCU film, while New Zealand's opening was the biggest of 2017.[208] In its second weekend, Ragnarok opened at number one in 19 more markets, with the largest November opening ever in China ($56.3 million, including $6 million from 446 IMAX screens), Mexico ($10.8 million), Germany ($8.9 million), and India ($5.5 million). It also remained at number one in many existing markets. The film earned an additional $13.2 million from 788 IMAX screens, the best November opening.[209] In its third weekend, the film remained at number one in over 30 countries, and became the highest-grossing superhero film in the Czech Republic.[196] By its fifth weekend, Ragnarok had become the highest-grossing superhero film in central and eastern Europe.[210] As of December 10, 2017[update], the film's largest markets were China ($112 million), the United Kingdom ($40.4 million), and South Korea ($35.1 million).[197]
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 93%, with an average score of 7.6/10, based on 440 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Exciting, funny, and above all fun, Thor: Ragnarok is a colorful cosmic adventure that sets a new standard for its franchise—and the rest of the Marvel Cinematic Universe."[212] Metacritic assigned a weighted average score of 74 out of 100 based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[213] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, the best of the Thor series, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 90% overall positive score and an 85% "definite recommend".[181]
Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter praised Waititi's handling of "the clash-of-worlds CGI extravaganza", particularly for the lighter tone he brought, with "even the story's central bad guys [being] silly fun, hammed to the hilt by Cate Blanchett and Jeff Goldblum."[214] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "Both the banter and the fighting, it should be noted, are excellent, so whether you go to superhero movies for the glossy escapism or the pulse-pounding action, you'll get your large soda's worth."[215] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three stars out of four, described it as "the most fun you'll ever have at a Marvel movie" while praising the film's changing tone and direction, comparing it favourably to Guardians of the Galaxy.[216] The San Francisco Chronicle's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Blanchett, Thompson, Goldblum and Ruffalo, feeling the film "has confidence in its characters and in its own invention, and so it avoids repetition and stays fresh".[217]
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times similarly praised the film, calling the performances of the ensemble cast "outstanding" and Waititi's direction "goofy and campy and marvelously self-referential". He also said the soundtrack that was used in the climactic battle sequence, particularly Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song", was "perfectly synced".[218] Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars, positively comparing Hemsworth's performance to Cary Grant: "Hemsworth's charisma holds [Thor: Ragnarok] together whenever it threatens to spin apart".[219] Justin Chang of Los Angeles Times praised Blanchett's performance of Hela, drawing a comparison of the portrayal of her character to other iconic villains such as Maleficent and Chernabog, and the film's similar themes and tone to Flash Gordon, Star Wars (1977), and Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.[220] The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin gave the film four out of five, hailed it as "one of [Marvel's] best films to date" while commending the performances and describing Mark Mothersbaugh's musical score as "turbo-charged".[221] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune commended the performances of Hiddleston and Thompson as being "wonderfully matched". He also noted a similar directing style of Waititi to Edgar Wright's "parodic work" and labelled the film as "unusually lively and buoyant" while acknowledging the effect of a "Marvel Fatigue factor" towards the audiences.[222]
Peter Debruge of Variety called the movie "preposterous", but praised Goldblum's performance.[223] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine stated negatively that "Thor: Ragnarok is packed tight with zooming space vehicles and noisy thunder battles, but the movie's extravagant excess is more narcotizing than energizing." Zacharek further added that "Even poor Thor seems lost in all of it, and he's supposed to be its star" while criticizing the film's visual effects as being "an instance of fun overkill" and "a special-effects coma".[224] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called the story "an uninteresting thicket of brawls, machinations and useful coincidences" but did feel that Hemsworth "looks happier and far more relaxed in Ragnarok than he did in the previous Thor vehicles, which is perhaps Mr. Waititi's truest achievement here."[225]
Some critics claim that Thor: Ragnarok conceals sophisticated commentary under its comedic presentation, specifically on themes of colonial history and indigenous people. Key points in this discourse include Waititi's own indigenous Māori heritage;[226] Asgard's bloody history and Odin's whitewashing of it, as revealed by Hela; Scrapper 142's burial in alcohol of her ethnic identity as a Valkyrie;[227][228] and the Grandmaster's euphemizing of "slaves" as "prisoners with jobs".[229]
A third sequel titled Thor: Love and Thunder was released on July 8, 2022.[244] Hemsworth, Thompson,[245] and Elba reprised their roles,[246] with Natalie Portman,[245] Jaimie Alexander,[247] Kat Dennings, and Stellan Skarsgård returning after not appearing in Ragnarok.[246] Portman portrayed her character taking on the mantle of Thor, similar to the comics.[248] Additionally, Chris Pratt, Pom Klementieff, Dave Bautista, Karen Gillan, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, and Sean Gunn reprise their roles as Guardians of the Galaxy members Peter Quill / Star-Lord, Mantis, Drax the Destroyer, Nebula, Groot, Rocket, and Kraglin Obfonteri.[249] Christian Bale joined the cast as the villain Gorr the God Butcher.[250]
By the release of Ragnarok, Waititi and Marvel had discussed a spin-off Marvel One-Shot short film following the characters Korg and Miek, but it was unfeasible due to Marvel's commitment to producing three feature films a year. Feige said Marvel still had plans for those characters, but did not specify.[251] Both appear in Avengers: Endgame and Love and Thunder.[252][253]
Adakah Thor yang paling berkuasa daripada Avengers?
Ini adalah soalan biasa dan, kembali ke sejarah komik, Jawapannya adalah ya.
Yang lain mendakwa bahawa ia sebenarnya adalah Hulk, manakala sektor yang lebih minoriti mempertahankan bahawa ia adalah Scarlet Witch atau bahkan Doctor Strange. Bukan gurauan dan banyak lagi dengan arahan watak baru-baru ini, di mana topi keledar Galactus adalah sebagai trofi di Asgard selepas membunuhnya.
Selain itu, Captain America sendiri mengakui bahawa dia adalah yang paling berkuasa daripada mereka.
Jika ada senjata yang selalu dikaitkan dengan Thor, ia adalah tukulnya yang kuat dengan kepala persegi, dengan pemegang pendek dibalut dengan kulit coklat, berakhir dengan tali.
Ini mempunyai beberapa asal usul dalam komik dan yang pertama disalin daripada mitologi Norse. Loki membuat pertaruhan dengan Eitri yang kerdil bahawa dia tidak mampu memalsukan khazanah terhebat yang pernah dilihat, tetapi apabila Loki melihat bahawa dia berbuat demikian, dia berubah menjadi serangga yang menyengatnya, mengalihkan perhatiannya dan pemegangnya. tinggal tukul.pendek. Walaupun begitu, Loki kalah dan tukul dianugerahkan kepada Thor oleh Odin. apabila dia menunjukkan bahawa dia layak.
Sebelum itu, Odin memberikannya kuasa tambahan dan, di atas semua, ciri utamanya ditunjukkan dalam ukiran di satu sisi: "Sesiapa yang memegang tukul, jika layak, akan mempunyai kuasa Thor".
Kemudian asalnya akan dicipta semula, dicipta daripada nukleus bintang dan, dalam komik Thor yang perkasa, daripada ribut sebesar galaksi yang terperangkap dalam blok Uru, bahan mitos dari mana ia dibuat.
Antara lain, tukul Thor kembali ke tangan anda apabila dilemparkan, membuka portal dimensi, mengawal elemen dan juga boleh melakukan perjalanan dalam masa.
Hanya yang vibranium (perisai logam Kapten Amerika diperbuat daripada) menentangnya.
Hammer pendants, hammer coins, and Eyrarland Statue
Around 1000 pendants in distinctive shapes representing the hammer of Thor have been unearthed in what are today the Nordic countries, England, northern Germany, the Baltic countries, and Russia. Most have very simple designs in iron or silver. Around 100 have more advanced designs with ornaments. The pendants have been found in a variety of contexts (including at urban sites, and in hoards) and occur in a variety of shapes. Similarly, coins featuring depictions of the hammer have also been discovered.
The Eyrarland Statue, a copper alloy figure found near Akureyri, Iceland dating from around the 11th century, may depict Thor seated and gripping his hammer.[64]
Drawing of a silver-gilted Thor's hammer found in
Drawing of a 4.6 cm gold-plated silver
Drawing of a silver Thor's hammer amulet found in
Drawing of Thor's hammer amulet from
A bronze statue of a seated figure from about AD 1000 that was recovered at the Eyrarland farm in the area of
The swastika symbol has been identified as representing the hammer or lightning of Thor.[65] Scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson (1965) comments on the usage of the swastika as a symbol of Thor:
The protective sign of the hammer was worn by women, as we know from the fact that it has been found in women's graves. It seems to have been used by the warrior also, in the form of the swastika. ... Primarily it appears to have had connections with light and fire, and to have been linked with the sun-wheel. It may have been on account of Thor's association with lightning that this sign was used as an alternative to the hammer, for it is found on memorial stones in Scandinavia besides inscriptions to Thor. When we find it on the pommel of a warrior's sword and on his sword-belt, the assumption is that the warrior was placing himself under the Thunder God's protection.[66]
Swastikas appear on various Germanic objects stretching from the Migration Period to the Viking Age, such as the 3rd century Værløse Fibula (DR EM85;123) from Zealand, Denmark; the Gothic spearhead from Brest-Litovsk, Belarus; numerous Migration Period bracteates; cremation urns from early Anglo-Saxon England; the 8th century Sæbø sword from Sogn, Norway; and the 9th century Snoldelev Stone (DR 248) from Ramsø, Denmark.
A city limit sign marking
("Thor's Acre"), Denmark
Sign for the village of
Numerous place names in Scandinavia contain the Old Norse name Þórr. The identification of these place names as pointing to religious significance is complicated by the aforementioned common usage of Þórr as a personal name element. Cultic significance may only be assured in place names containing the elements -vé (signifying the location of a vé, a type of pagan Germanic shrine), –hóf (a structure used for religious purposes, see heathen hofs), and –lundr (a holy grove). The place name Þórslundr is recorded with particular frequency in Denmark (and has direct cognates in Norse settlements in Ireland, such as Coill Tomair), whereas Þórshof appears particularly often in southern Norway.[67] Torsö (Thor's Island) appears on the Swedish west coast. Thor also appears in many place names in Uppland.
In English place names, Old English Thunor (in contrast with the Old Norse form of the name, later introduced to the Danelaw) left comparatively few traces. Examples include Thundersley, from *Thunores hlæw and Thurstable (Old English "Thunor's pillar").[67] F. M. Stenton noted that such place names were apparently restricted to Saxon and Jutish territory and not found in Anglian areas.[17][68]
In what is now Germany, locations named after Thor are sparsely recorded, but a number of locations called Donnersberg (German "Donner's mountain") may derive their name from the deity Donner, the southern Germanic form of the god's name.[67] In as late as the 19th century in Iceland, a specific breed of fox was known as holtaþórr ("Thor of the holt"), likely due to the red coat of the breed.[69] In Sweden in the 19th century, smooth, wedge-shaped stones found in the earth were called Thorwiggar ("Thor's wedges"), according to a folk belief that they were once hurled at a troll by the god Thor. (Compare Thunderstones.) Similarly, meteorites may be considered memorials to Thor in folk tradition due to their sheer weight. On the Swedish island of Gotland, a species of beetle (Scarabæus stercorarius) was named after the god; the Thorbagge. When the beetle is found turned upside down and one flips it over, Thor's favor may be gained. In other regions of Sweden the name of the beetle appears to have been demonized with Christianization, where the insect came to be known as Thordedjefvul or Thordyfvel (both meaning "Thor-devil").[70]
In the northwest of Spain, there is a river called Torío in the municipality of Cármenes (León) that take name from the god Thor.[71]
Beberapa rasa ingin tahu tentang Thor yang anda mungkin tidak tahu
Sekiranya anda masih mahukan lebih banyak lagi, berikut adalah beberapa butiran yang ingin tahu tentang watak itu.
Seperti yang anda boleh lihat, watak Thor berjalan jauh, dan kami hampir tidak menconteng permukaan. Keluarganya yang sentiasa bergerak dan kuasanya yang semakin meningkat menjadikan Thor calon adiwira untuk memusnahkan Marvel Universe pada hari mereka mahu menguncinya sekali dan untuk selama-lamanya. Sekitar tahun 3.500 atau lebih.
Mitologi Nordik atau dikenal sebagai mitologi Norse, merupakan kumpulan cerita rakyat dan kepercayaan yang dianut oleh bangsa Viking dan masyarakat Skandinavia kuno.
Cerita-cerita ini berkisah tentang para dewa dan dewi, pahlawan, monster, dan makhluk fantastis lainnya yang hidup di dunia yang penuh dengan keajaiban dan petualangan.
Mitolpgi Nordik memiliki pengaruh besar pada budaya dan sejarah Skandinavia.
Mitologi Nordik telah menjadi sumber inspirasi bagi banyak seniman, penulis, dan pembuat film selama berabad-abad.
Cerita-cerita tentang Thor, Loki, dan Odin telah diadaptasi menjadi berbagai film, buku komik, dan video game.
Mitologi ini juga memberikan pengaruh besar pada budaya populer, seperti nama-nama hari dalam bahasa Inggris yang berasal dari nama dewa-dewi Nordik.
Ingin tahu lebih lanjut soal mitologi Nordik? Simak penjelasannya di bawah ini, ya!
Baca Juga: 9 Jenis Makhluk Mitologi yang Populer, Sudah Tahu?
Archaeological record
Historical attestations
The earliest records of the Germanic peoples were recorded by the Romans, and in these works Thor is frequently referred to – via a process known as interpretatio romana (where characteristics perceived to be similar by Romans result in identification of a non-Roman god as a Roman deity) – as either the Roman god Jupiter (also known as Jove) or the Greco-Roman god Hercules.
The first clear example of this occurs in the Roman historian Tacitus's late first-century work Germania, where, writing about the religion of the Suebi (a confederation of Germanic peoples), he comments that "among the gods Mercury is the one they principally worship. They regard it as a religious duty to offer to him, on fixed days, human as well as other sacrificial victims. Hercules and Mars they appease by animal offerings of the permitted kind" and adds that a portion of the Suebi also venerate "Isis".[12] In this instance, Tacitus refers to the god Odin as "Mercury", Thor as "Hercules", and the god Týr as "Mars", and the identity of the Isis of the Suebi has been debated. In Thor's case, the identification with the god Hercules is likely at least in part due to similarities between Thor's hammer and Hercules' club.[13] In his Annals, Tacitus again refers to the veneration of "Hercules" by the Germanic peoples; he records a wood beyond the river Weser (in what is now northwestern Germany) as dedicated to him.[14] A deity known as Hercules Magusanus was venerated in Germania Inferior; due to the Roman identification of Thor with Hercules, Rudolf Simek has suggested that Magusanus was originally an epithet attached to the Proto-Germanic deity *Þunraz.
The first recorded instance of the name of the god appears upon the Nordendorf fibulae, a piece of jewelry created during the Migration Period and found in Bavaria. The item bears an Elder Futhark inscribed with the name Þonar (i.e. Donar), the southern Germanic form of Thor's name.[16]
Around the second half of the 8th century, Old English texts mention Thunor (Þunor), which likely refers to a Saxon version of the god. In relation, Thunor is sometimes used in Old English texts to gloss Jupiter, the god may be referenced in the poem Solomon and Saturn, where the thunder strikes the devil with a "fiery axe", and the Old English expression þunorrād ("thunder ride") may refer to the god's thunderous, goat-led chariot.[17][18]
A 9th-century AD codex from Mainz, Germany, known as the Old Saxon Baptismal Vow, records the name of three Old Saxon gods, UUôden (Old Saxon "Wodan")[clarification needed], Saxnôte, and Thunaer, by way of their renunciation as demons in a formula to be repeated by Germanic pagans formally converting to Christianity.[19]
According to a near-contemporary account, the Christian missionary Saint Boniface felled an oak tree dedicated to "Jove" in the 8th century, the Donar's Oak in the region of Hesse, Germany.[20]
The Kentish royal legend, probably 11th-century, contains the story of a villainous reeve of Ecgberht of Kent called Thunor, who is swallowed up by the earth at a place from then on known as þunores hlæwe (Old English 'Thunor's mound'). Gabriel Turville-Petre saw this as an invented origin for the placename demonstrating loss of memory that Thunor had been a god's name.[21]
In the 11th century, chronicler Adam of Bremen records in his Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum that a statue of Thor, who Adam describes as "mightiest", sits in the Temple at Uppsala in the center of a triple throne (flanked by Woden and "Fricco") located in Gamla Uppsala, Sweden. Adam details that "Thor, they reckon, rules the sky; he governs thunder and lightning, winds and storms, fine weather and fertility" and that "Thor, with his mace, looks like Jupiter". Adam details that the people of Uppsala had appointed priests to each of the gods, and that the priests were to offer up sacrifices. In Thor's case, he continues, these sacrifices were done when plague or famine threatened.[22] Earlier in the same work, Adam relays that in 1030 an English preacher, Wulfred, was lynched by assembled Germanic pagans for "profaning" a representation of Thor.[23]
Two objects with runic inscriptions invoking Thor date from the 11th century, one from England and one from Sweden. The first, the Canterbury Charm from Canterbury, England, calls upon Thor to heal a wound by banishing a thurs.[24] The second, the Kvinneby amulet, invokes protection by both Thor and his hammer.[25]
On four (or possibly five) runestones, an invocation to Thor appears that reads "May Thor hallow (these runes/this monument)!" The invocation appears thrice in Denmark (DR 110, DR 209, and DR 220), and a single time in Västergötland (VG 150), Sweden. A fifth appearance may possibly occur on a runestone found in Södermanland, Sweden (Sö 140), but the reading is contested.[26]
Pictorial representations of Thor's hammer appear on a total of five runestones found in Denmark (DR 26 and DR 120) and in the Swedish counties of Västergötland (VG 113) and Södermanland (Sö 86 and Sö 111).[26] It is also seen on runestone DR 48.[citation needed] The design is believed to be a heathen response to Christian runestones, which often have a cross at the centre. One of the stones, Sö 86, shows a face or mask above the hammer. Anders Hultgård has argued that this is the face of Thor.[27] At least three stones depict Thor fishing for the serpent Jörmungandr: the Hørdum stone in Thy, Denmark, the Altuna Runestone in Altuna, Sweden and the Gosforth Cross in Gosforth, England. Sune Lindqvist argued in the 1930s that the image stone Ardre VIII on Gotland depicts two scenes from the story: Thor ripping the head of Hymir's ox and Thor and Hymir in the boat,[28] but this has been disputed.[29]
(DR 220), a runestone from Denmark bearing the "May Thor hallow these runes!" inscription
A runestone from Södermanland, Sweden bearing a depiction of Thor's hammer
from Sweden, one of four stones depicting Thor's fishing trip
Closeup of Thor with Mjölnir depicted on the Altuna stone.
, one of four stones depicting Thor's fishing trip
, Sweden, meaning "may
Thor and Jörmungandr by Lorenz Frølich
In the 12th century, more than a century after Norway was "officially" Christianized, Thor was still being invoked by the population, as evidenced by a stick bearing a runic message found among the Bryggen inscriptions in Bergen, Norway. On the stick, both Thor and Odin are called upon for help; Thor is asked to "receive" the reader, and Odin to "own" them.[30]
In the Poetic Edda, compiled during the 13th century from traditional source material reaching into the pagan period, Thor appears (or is mentioned) in the poems Völuspá, Grímnismál, Skírnismál, Hárbarðsljóð, Hymiskviða, Lokasenna, Þrymskviða, Alvíssmál, and Hyndluljóð.[31]
In the poem Völuspá, a dead völva recounts the history of the universe and foretells the future to the disguised god Odin, including the death of Thor. Thor, she foretells, will do battle with the great serpent during the immense mythic war waged at Ragnarök, and there he will slay the monstrous snake, yet after he will only be able to take nine steps before succumbing to the venom of the beast:
Benjamin Thorpe translation: Then comes the mighty son of Hlôdyn: (Odin's son goes with the monster to fight); Midgârd's Veor in his rage will slay the worm. Nine feet will go Fiörgyn's son, bowed by the serpent, who feared no foe. All men will their homes forsake.[32]
Henry Adams Bellows translation: Hither there comes the son of Hlothyn, The bright snake gapes to heaven above; ... Against the serpent goes Othin's son. In anger smites the warder of earth,— Forth from their homes must all men flee;— Nine paces fares the son of Fjorgyn, And, slain by the serpent, fearless he sinks.[33]
Afterwards, says the völva, the sky will turn black before fire engulfs the world, the stars will disappear, flames will dance before the sky, steam will rise, the world will be covered in water and then it will be raised again, green and fertile.[34]
In the poem Grímnismál, the god Odin, in disguise as Grímnir, and tortured, starved and thirsty, imparts in the young Agnar cosmological lore, including that Thor resides in Þrúðheimr, and that, every day, Thor wades through the rivers Körmt and Örmt, and the two Kerlaugar. There, Grímnir says, Thor sits as judge at the immense cosmological world tree, Yggdrasil.[35]
In Skírnismál, the god Freyr's messenger, Skírnir, threatens the fair Gerðr, with whom Freyr is smitten, with numerous threats and curses, including that Thor, Freyr, and Odin will be angry with her, and that she risks their "potent wrath".[36]
Thor is the main character of Hárbarðsljóð, where, after traveling "from the east", he comes to an inlet where he encounters a ferryman who gives his name as Hárbarðr (Odin, again in disguise), and attempts to hail a ride from him. The ferryman, shouting from the inlet, is immediately rude and obnoxious to Thor and refuses to ferry him. At first, Thor holds his tongue, but Hárbarðr only becomes more aggressive, and the poem soon becomes a flyting match between Thor and Hárbarðr, all the while revealing lore about the two, including Thor's killing of several jötnar in "the east" and women on Hlesey (now the Danish island of Læsø). In the end, Thor ends up walking instead.[37]
Thor is again the main character in the poem Hymiskviða, where, after the gods have been hunting and have eaten their prey, they have an urge to drink. They "sh[ake] the twigs" and interpret what they say. The gods decide that they would find suitable cauldrons at Ægir's home. Thor arrives at Ægir's home and finds him to be cheerful, looks into his eyes, and tells him that he must prepare feasts for the gods. Annoyed, Ægir tells Thor that the gods must first bring to him a suitable cauldron to brew ale in. The gods search but find no such cauldron anywhere. However, Týr tells Thor that he may have a solution; east of Élivágar lives Hymir, and he owns such a deep kettle.[38]
So, after Thor secures his goats at Egil's home, Thor and Týr go to Hymir's hall in search of a cauldron large enough to brew ale for them all. They arrive, and Týr sees his nine-hundred-headed grandmother and his gold-clad mother, the latter of which welcomes them with a horn. After Hymir—who is not happy to see Thor—comes in from the cold outdoors, Týr's mother helps them find a properly strong cauldron. Thor eats a big meal of two oxen (all the rest eat but one), and then goes to sleep. In the morning, he awakes and informs Hymir that he wants to go fishing the following evening, and that he will catch plenty of food, but that he needs bait. Hymir tells him to go get some bait from his pasture, which he expects should not be a problem for Thor. Thor goes out, finds Hymir's best ox, and rips its head off.[39]
After a lacuna in the manuscript of the poem, Hymiskviða abruptly picks up again with Thor and Hymir in a boat, out at sea. Hymir catches a few whales at once, and Thor baits his line with the head of the ox. Thor casts his line and the monstrous serpent Jörmungandr bites. Thor pulls the serpent on board, and violently slams him in the head with his hammer. Jörmungandr shrieks, and a noisy commotion is heard from underwater before another lacuna appears in the manuscript.[40]
After the second lacuna, Hymir is sitting in the boat, unhappy and totally silent, as they row back to shore. On shore, Hymir suggests that Thor should help him carry a whale back to his farm. Thor picks both the boat and the whales up, and carries it all back to Hymir's farm. After Thor successfully smashes a crystal goblet by throwing it at Hymir's head on Týr's mother's suggestion, Thor and Týr are given the cauldron. Týr cannot lift it, but Thor manages to roll it, and so with it they leave. Some distance from Hymir's home, an army of many-headed beings led by Hymir attacks the two, but are killed by the hammer of Thor. Although one of his goats is lame in the leg, the two manage to bring the cauldron back, have plenty of ale, and so, from then on, return to [Týr] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (help)'s for more every winter.[41]
In the poem Lokasenna, the half-god Loki angrily flites with the gods in the sea entity Ægir's hall. Thor does not attend the event, however, as he is away in the east for unspecified purposes. Towards the end of the poem, the flyting turns to Sif, Thor's wife, whom Loki then claims to have slept with. The god Freyr's servant Beyla interjects, and says that, since all of the mountains are shaking, she thinks that Thor is on his way home. Beyla adds that Thor will bring peace to the quarrel, to which Loki responds with insults.[42]
Thor arrives and tells Loki to be silent, and threatens to rip Loki's head from his body with his hammer. Loki asks Thor why he is so angry, and comments that Thor will not be so daring to fight "the wolf" (Fenrir) when it eats Odin (a reference to the foretold events of Ragnarök). Thor again tells him to be silent, and threatens to throw him into the sky, where he will never be seen again. Loki says that Thor should not brag of his time in the east, as he once crouched in fear in the thumb of a glove (a story involving deception by the magic of Útgarða-Loki, recounted in the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning)—which, he comments, "was hardly like Thor". Thor again tells him to be silent, threatening to break every bone in Loki's body. Loki responds that he intends to live a while yet, and again insults Thor with references to his encounter with Útgarða-Loki. Thor responds with a fourth call to be silent, and threatens to send Loki to Hel. At Thor's final threat, Loki gives in, commenting that only for Thor will he leave the hall, for "I know alone that you do strike", and the poem continues.[43]
In the comedic poem Þrymskviða, Thor again plays a central role. In the poem, Thor wakes and finds that his powerful hammer, Mjölnir, is missing. Thor turns to Loki, and tells him that nobody knows that the hammer has been stolen. The two go to the dwelling of the goddess Freyja, and so that he may attempt to find Mjölnir, Thor asks her if he may borrow her feather cloak. Freyja agrees, and says she would lend it to Thor even if it were made of silver or gold, and Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling.[44]
In Jötunheimr, the jötunn Þrymr sits on a barrow, plaiting golden collars for his female dogs, and trimming the manes of his horses. Þrymr sees Loki, and asks what could be amiss among the Æsir and the elves; why is Loki alone in Jötunheimr? Loki responds that he has bad news for both the elves and the Æsir—that Thor's hammer, Mjölnir, is gone. Þrymr says that he has hidden Mjölnir eight leagues beneath the earth, from which it will be retrieved, but only if Freyja is brought to him as his wife. Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling, away from Jötunheimr and back to the court of the gods.[45]
Thor asks Loki if his efforts were successful, and that Loki should tell him while he is still in the air as "tales often escape a sitting man, and the man lying down often barks out lies." Loki states that it was indeed an effort, and also a success, for he has discovered that Þrymr has the hammer, but that it cannot be retrieved unless Freyja is brought to Þrymr as his wife. The two return to Freyja and tell her to put on a bridal head dress, as they will drive her to Jötunheimr. Freyja, indignant and angry, goes into a rage, causing all of the halls of the Æsir to tremble in her anger, and her necklace, the famed Brísingamen, falls from her. Freyja pointedly refuses.[46]
As a result, the gods and goddesses meet and hold a thing to discuss and debate the matter. At the thing, the god Heimdallr puts forth the suggestion that, in place of Freyja, Thor should be dressed as the bride, complete with jewels, women's clothing down to his knees, a bridal head-dress, and the necklace Brísingamen. Thor rejects the idea, yet Loki interjects that this will be the only way to get back Mjölnir. Loki points out that, without Mjölnir, the jötnar will be able to invade and settle in Asgard. The gods dress Thor as a bride, and Loki states that he will go with Thor as his maid, and that the two shall drive to Jötunheimr together.[47]
After riding together in Thor's goat-driven chariot, the two, disguised, arrive in Jötunheimr. Þrymr commands the jötnar in his hall to spread straw on the benches, for Freyja has arrived to be his wife. Þrymr recounts his treasured animals and objects, stating that Freyja was all that he was missing in his wealth.[48]
Early in the evening, the disguised Loki and Thor meet with Þrymr and the assembled jötnar. Thor eats and drinks ferociously, consuming entire animals and three casks of mead. Þrymr finds the behavior at odds with his impression of Freyja, and Loki, sitting before Þrymr and appearing as a "very shrewd maid", makes the excuse that "Freyja's" behaviour is due to her having not consumed anything for eight entire days before arriving due to her eagerness to arrive. Þrymr then lifts "Freyja's" veil and wants to kiss "her". Terrifying eyes stare back at him, seemingly burning with fire. Loki says that this is because "Freyja" has not slept for eight nights in her eagerness.[48]
The "wretched sister" of the jötnar appears, asks for a bridal gift from "Freyja", and the jötnar bring out Mjölnir to "sanctify the bride", to lay it on her lap, and marry the two by "the hand" of the goddess Vár. Thor laughs internally when he sees the hammer, takes hold of it, strikes Þrymr, beats all of the jötnar, kills their "older sister", and so gets his hammer back.[49]
In the poem Alvíssmál, Thor tricks a dwarf, Alvíss, to his doom upon finding that he seeks to wed his daughter (unnamed, possibly Þrúðr). As the poem starts, Thor meets a dwarf who talks about getting married. Thor finds the dwarf repulsive and, apparently, realizes that the bride is his daughter. Thor comments that the wedding agreement was made among the gods while Thor was gone, and that the dwarf must seek his consent. To do so, Thor says, Alvíss must tell him what he wants to know about all of the worlds that the dwarf has visited. In a long question and answer session, Alvíss does exactly that; he describes natural features as they are known in the languages of various races of beings in the world, and gives an amount of cosmological lore.[50]
However, the question and answer session turns out to be a ploy by Thor, as, although Thor comments that he has truly never seen anyone with more wisdom in their breast, Thor has managed to delay the dwarf enough for the Sun to turn him to stone; "day dawns on you now, dwarf, now sun shines on the hall".[51]
In the poem Hyndluljóð, Freyja offers to the jötunn woman Hyndla to blót (sacrifice) to Thor so that she may be protected, and comments that Thor does not care much for jötunn women.[52]
The prologue to the Prose Edda euhemerises Thor as a prince of Troy, and the son of Menon by Troana, a daughter of Priam. Thor, also known as Tror, is said to have married the prophetess Sibyl (identified with Sif). Thor is further said here to have been raised in Thrace by a chieftain named Lorikus, whom he later slew to assume the title of "King of Thrace", to have had a pale complexion and hair "fairer than gold", and to have been strong enough to lift ten bearskins.[53] In later sagas he is described as red-bearded,[54] but there is no evidence for a red beard in the Eddas.[55]
The name of the æsir is explained as "men from Asia", Asgard being the "Asian city" (i.e., Troy). Alternatively, Troy is in Tyrkland (Turkey, i.e., Asia Minor), and Asialand is Scythia, where Thor founded a new city named Asgard. Odin is a remote descendant of Thor, removed by twelve generations, who led an expedition across Germany, Denmark and Sweden to Norway.
In the Prose Edda, Thor is mentioned in all four books; Prologue, Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, and Háttatal.
In Heimskringla, composed in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, Thor or statues of Thor are mentioned in Ynglinga saga, Hákonar saga góða, Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar, and Óláfs saga helga. In Ynglinga saga chapter 5, a heavily euhemerized account of the gods is provided, where Thor is described as having been a gothi—a pagan priest—who was given by Odin (who himself is explained away as having been an exceedingly powerful magic-wielding chieftain from the east) a dwelling in the mythical location of Þrúðvangr, in what is now Sweden. The saga narrative adds that numerous names—at the time of the narrative, popularly in use—were derived from Thor.[56]
Around the 12th century, folk traditions and iconography of the Christianizing king Olaf II of Norway (Saint Olaf; c. 995 – 1030) absorbed elements of both Thor and Freyr.[57] After Olaf's death, his cult had spread quickly all over Scandinavia, where many churches were dedicated to him, as well as to other parts of Northern Europe. His cult distinctively mixed both ecclesiastical and folk elements. From Thor, he inherited the quick temper, physical strength and merits as a giant-slayer. Early depictions portray Olaf as clean-shaven, but after 1200 he appears with a red beard. For centuries, Olaf figured in folk traditions as a slayer of trolls and giants, and as a protector against malicious forces.
Tales about Thor, or influenced by native traditions regarding Thor, continued into the modern period, particularly in Scandinavia. Writing in the 19th century, scholar Jacob Grimm records various phrases surviving into Germanic languages that refer to the god, such as the Norwegian Thorsvarme ("Thor's warmth") for lightning and the Swedish godgubben åfar ("The good old (fellow) is taking a ride") as well as the word tordön ("Thor's rumble" or "Thor's thunder") when it thunders. Grimm comments that, at times, Scandinavians often "no longer liked to utter the god's real name, or they wished to extol his fatherly goodness".[60] In Sweden, it was probably as a euphemism that people referred to thunder as "the ride of the god" – *ās-ækia (OWN: *áss-ekja) resulting in the modern Swedish word for thunder – åska.[61]
Thor remained pictured as a red-bearded figure, as evident by the Danish rhyme that yet referred to him as Thor med sit lange skæg ("Thor with his long beard") and the North-Frisian curse diis ruadhiiret donner regiir! ("let red-haired thunder see to that!").[60]
A Scandinavian folk belief that lightning frightens away trolls and jötnar appears in numerous Scandinavian folktales, and may be a late reflection of Thor's role in fighting such beings. In connection, the lack of trolls and ettins in modern Scandinavia is explained as a result of the "accuracy and efficiency of the lightning strokes".[62]
In the Netherlands, The Sagas of Veluwe has a story called Ontstaan van het Uddeler- en Bleeke meer which features Thor and his fight with the Winter Giants.[63]
Asal-usul Mitologi Nordik
Foto: Ilustrasi Mitologi Nordik (Englishpluspodcast.com)
Mitologi Nordik, yang juga dikenal sebagai mitologi Norse, merupakan kepercayaan dan cerita rakyat yang berkembang di wilayah Skandinavia dan Islandia selama Zaman Besi dan Zaman Viking (sekitar 790 SM hingga 1100 M).
Mitologi Nordik juga dipengaruhi oleh kepercayaan dan ritual Indo-Eropa, yang dibawa oleh para pendatang dari selatan.
Pengaruh ini terlihat dalam kemiripan antara dewa-dewi Nordik dengan dewa-dewi dari budaya Indo-Eropa lainnya, seperti Zeus (Yunani) dan Jupiter (Romawi).
Selama Zaman Viking, mitologi Nordik berkembang pesat. Cerita-cerita tentang dewa-dewi dan pahlawan diwariskan secara lisan dari generasi ke generasi.
Cerita-cerita ini sering kali dihubungkan dengan sejarah dan budaya Viking, seperti pertempuran, pelayaran, dan perdagangan.
Dua sumber tertulis utama mitologi Nordik adalah Edda Sæmundar dan Edda Prosa.
Edda Sæmundar, yang dikumpulkan oleh Snorri Sturluson pada abad ke-13, berisi puisi-puisi kuno yang menceritakan kisah-kisah tentang dewa-dewi dan pahlawan Nordik.
Edda Prosa, juga karya Snorri Sturluson, adalah buku teks yang menjelaskan mitologi Nordik dan kosmologi Nordik.
Mitologi Nordik berkembang selama berabad-abad dan mengalami berbagai perubahan.
Pada Zaman Viking, mitologi Nordik digunakan untuk menjelaskan dunia dan tempat manusia di dalamnya.
Mitologi ini juga digunakan untuk mempromosikan nilai-nilai keberanian, kekuatan, dan kesetiaan.
Baca Juga: Ciri-Ciri Mitologi Yunani dan Sederet Dewa yang Memimpin!
Kumpulan dewa petir dalam berbagai mitologi selain Thor
Dalam mitologi Yunani, Zeus dikisahkan sebagai raja dari para dewa-dewi. Dia diceritain sebagai dewa yang mampu mengendalikan langit, cuaca (termasuk petir dan hujan), dan kekuatan-kekuatan ilahi lainnya. Zeus selalu digambarin oleh seniman Yunani dalam posisi berdiri dengan tangan kanan memegang petir dan duduk di tahtanya. Statusnya sebagai “Ayah dari para dewa dan manusia”, anak-anaknya pun juga jadi dewa-dewi yang enggak kalah populer, seperti Athena, Apollo, Hermes, Ares, dan lain-lain.
Statusnya sebagai dewa dari para dewa membuatnya populer di kalangan penggiat budaya pop. Makanya karakter ini muncul dalam sejumlah film, komik, dan video game. Salah satu karakter Zeus yang paling ikonis adalah Zeus, tokoh antagonis utama dalam God of War. Zeus juga jadi salah satu hero dalam Dota 2. Selain itu, ada juga karakter Zeus yang diperanin Liam Neeson dalam remake Clash of the Titans (2010) dan sekuelnya, Wrath of the Titans (2012).
Sama kayak Zeus, Indra dikenal sebagai dewanya para dewa-dewi mitologi Hindu. Statusnya pun benar-benar suci di mata penganut agama Hindu. Oleh kepercayaan Hindu, Indra digambarin sebagai dewa petir, dewa hujan, dewa perang, raja surga, dan banyak gelar dewa lainnya. Dia juga digambarin sebagai pemimpin delapan dewa yang menguasai aspek-aspek alam.
Dalam budaya populer, Indra enggak begitu banyak muncul sebagai karakter fiksi seperti dewa-dewa di mitologi barat. Salah satu karakter yang terinspirasi dewa Indra adalah Paras Gavaskar alias Indra, seorang mutan yang bisa mengubah wujudnya menjadi ksatria berbaju zirah dalam serial komik X-Men. Indra juga menjadi inspirasi karakter anak Rikudo Sennin dan leluhur klan Uchiha dalam manga Naruto, Indra Otsutsuki.
Bisa dibilang Jupiter merupakan versi mitologi Romawi Kuno-nya Zeus. Statusnya sama-sama sebagai dewa dari segala dewa dengan gelar Optimus Maximus yang berarti “dewa terbaik dan terbesar”. Dia juga digambarin sebagai dewa pelindung yang bisa mengendalikan langit dan petir. Jupiter juga dikenal sebagai penguasa tahta Romawi yang memerintah hukum dan tatanan sosial. Dia juga punya anak yang menjadi dewa-dewa Romawi kuno, seperti Mars dan Merkurius.
Sayangnya, popularitas Jupiter masih kalah dari Zeus dalam dunia pop culture. Enggak banyak karakter komik, film, atau video game yang terinspirasi dari dewa Romawi ini. Dalam semesta DC Comics, Jupiter digambarin sebagai tokoh dewa, tapi dengan peran yang enggak sebesar Zeus. Jupiter juga jadi inspirasi karakter Sailor Jupiter dalam anime Sailor Moon.
Raijin adalah sebutan untuk dewa petir dalam mitologi Jepang dan agama Shinto. Dia jadi salah satu dewa yang cukup unik. Pasalnya, dia dihormati sekaligus ditakuti karena wujudnya yang menyerupai iblis dan kekuatannya yang dianggap sebagai sumber bencana badai di Jepang. Makanya, untuk menghormati Raijin, masyarakat Jepang memasang lukisan atau patung Raijin di rumahnya agar terhindar dari bencana. Dia digambarin sebagai dewa yang sangar, dengan muka seram, badan berotot, dengan sayap bulat berbentuk genderang bersimbol tomoe yang berfungsi memanggil petir.
Raijin cukup populer dalam dunia pop culture. Ada cukup banyak karakter dalam komik, anime, dan video game yang terinspirasi darinya. Salah satu yang paling populer adalah karakter Enel dalam manga/anime One Piece. Selain itu ada juga karakter Raijin dalam game Smite. Raijin juga jadi inspirasi dari karakter Thundurus, Pokemon legendaris dalam game Pokemon.
Enggak cuma dari Asia atau Eropa saja, ada sosok dewa petir yang dikenal di benua Amerika. Menurut kepercayaan suku Indian, petir dan badai yang melanda wilayahnya adalah hasil kepakan sayap dari dewa petir berwujud burung bernama Thunderbird. Dia digambarkan sebagai dewa pengendali cuaca yang berwujud burung besar dengan tanduk dan paruh yang memiliki gigi. Selain mengendalikan cuaca lewat kepakan sayapnya, Thunderbird juga diceritain bisa menembakkan petir dari matanya.
Thunderbird enggak begitu besar pengaruhnya di dunia pop culture dibanding dewa-dewa petir lainnya. Makanya hanya ada satu karakter yang terinspirasi dari dewa yang satu ini, yaitu Zapdos, Pokemon legendaris dalam game Pokemon.
Dewa yang satu ini merupakan sosok dewa hujan dan petir dalam kebudayaan Maya. Chaac mampu mengeluarkan petir dan hujan dengan melemparkan kapaknya ke arah langit. Pada zaman dulu masyarakat suku Maya melakukan pemujaan dan persembahan manusia kepada Chaac untuk mengundang hujan yang berguna untuk menyuburkan pertanian. Meski enggak begitu populer, dewa Chaac menjadi inspirasi karakter Chaac dalam game Smite.
Set yang juga dikenal dengan nama Seth, Setesh, Sutekh, Setekh, atau Suty, merupakan dewa gurun, badai, dan petir dalam mitologi Mesir Kuno. Dia juga dikenal sebagai dewa kegelapan dan kekacauan. Wujudnya seperti manusia, namun dengan kepala burung berwarna hitam.
Dalam kisah mitologi Mesir Kuno, Seth diceritain sebagai pemberontak dan pembunuh yang sadis. Dalam budaya populer, Seth jadi inspirasi sejumlah karakter antagonis dalam komik dan film. Salah satunya adalah karakter dewa Mesir bernama Seth dalam semesta komik Marvel.
Rasanya, wajar aja, sih, kalau sosok dewa petir selalu jadi langganan dijadiin karakter dalam komik, film, dan video game. Soalnya, dewa petir secara kekuatan memang lebih unggul dibanding dewa-dewa lain. Selain itu, dari nilai estetikanya, karakter dewa petir potensial banget buat manjain mata. Nah, siapa karakter dewa petir dalam komik/film/video game favorit kamu?
Thor dalam mitologi Nordik dan film.
Nationalgeographic.co.id—Jika mendengar nama Thor, apa yang pertama kali dibayangkan? Pasti Anda menjawab salah satu karakter di serial film Thor dan Avengers garapan Marvel. Tapi, tahukah Anda? Kisah Thor ternyata ada dalam mitologi Norse atau Nordik.
Dikutip Theoi, Thor adalah dewa petir yang membawa palu ajaib yang hanya bisa diangkat oleh diriny sendiri, menurut mitologi Nordik. Palu ini disebut Mjollnir dan merupakan simbol Thor yang paling ikonik. Mjollnirnya akan kembali padanya seperti bumerang ketika dia melemparkannya ke langit.
Selain menjadi dewa petir, Thor juga merupakan dewa petir, badai, kekuatan, dan perlindungan. Dia terkadang dikaitkan dengan kesuburan, melindungi umat manusia, dan memberkati pernikahan.
Thor memiliki rambut merah panjang dan janggut. Dia sering menunjukkan temperamen dan mudah melakukan kekerasan, bahkan jika kekerasan mungkin tidak diperlukan.
Thor adalah putra Odin, dewa kebijaksanaan, puisi, penyembuhan, dan kematian. Odin juga dikenal sebagai penguasa para dewa. Ibu Thor adalah Jord, personifikasi bumi. Thor dianggap sebagai dewa Aesir. Dalam mitologi Jermanik atau Norse, dewa Aesir adalah dewa pejuang, itulah sebabnya Thor biasanya terlihat dalam pertempuran di kemudian hari.
Thor berasal dari alam dewa bernama Asgard dan alam manusia bernama Midgard. Asgard mirip dengan Gunung Olympus dalam mitologi Yunani. Kedua alam ini harus dipertahankan Thor di kemudian hari.
Thor menikah dengan Sif, dewi bumi dari mitologi Norse
Selain palunya, Thor juga memiliki ikat pinggang dan sarung tangan. Sabuk itu disebut Megingjord, yang merupakan kombinasi dari Megin, yang berarti kekuatan dan gjord, yang berarti sabuk, membuat terjemahan literal Megingjord menjadi sabuk yang kuat. Sarung tangan Thor disebut Jarngreipr, yang diterjemahkan menjadi pegangan besi atau sarung tangan besi.
Thor mengendarai kereta yang ditarik oleh dua kambing besar. Kambing ini disebut Tanngnjostr dan Tanngrisnor. Mitologi Norse menggambarkan guntur sebagai suara kereta Thor yang ditarik melintasi langit. Hari ini, hari dalam seminggu, Kamis adalah variasi dari hari Thor, dinamai dari dewa Norse Thor.
Dewa Yunani Setara dengan Thor
Karena Thor adalah dewa Nordik, dia tidak dianggap sebagai dewa dalam mitologi Yunani. Namun, seperti kebanyakan mitologi, ada bahasa Yunani yang setara dengan Romawi, Norse. Oleh karena itu, jika Anda ingin melihat Thor sebagai dewa Yunani, Anda akan melihat dewa Yunani, Zeus. Thor dan Zeus sama-sama dewa yang kuat, membuat mereka sangat mirip.
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Dalam mitologi Yunani, Zeus juga disebut dewa guntur, tetapi ia mencakup lebih banyak tanggung jawab dan kekuasaan.
Zeus adalah dewa langit, yang meliputi guntur, kilat, hujan, dan cuaca, tetapi lebih dari itu, dia adalah raja para dewa. Tidak seperti Thor, yang biasanya bereaksi dengan kekerasan impulsif yang hebat, Zeus memiliki lebih banyak kebijaksanaan, kearifan, keadilan, dan keadilan.
Perbedaan antara Thor dan Zeus
Perbedaan utama pertama antara Thor dan Zeus berasal dari hubungan masing-masing dewa dengan ayahnya. Thor sangat dekat dengan ayahnya, Odin, sedangkan Zeus membenci ayahnya, dewa Titan Cronus. Thor tidak bisa melempar petir dan halilintar seperti yang bisa dilakukan Zeus. Tetapi, Thor memiliki palu ajaibnya Mjollnir yang dapat menghasilkan hasil yang sama dengan petir Zeus.
Pada intinya, Thor telah menjadi salah satu dewa Norse paling ikonik karena palu dan status menonjol yang dimilikinya di Asgard. Marvel Comics dan Marvel Studios telah membantu menceritakan kisah Thor melalui serial film Thor dan Avengers.
Namun, penggambaran di film jelas sedikit berbeda dari mitologi aslinya alias telah diadaptasi kembali.
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Terima kasih kepada Marvel Cinematic Universe, dan peranan cemerlang Chris Hemsworth, Thor telah menjadi salah satu wira-wira paling popular. Dan supaya anda tidak terlepas sebarang butiran, kami membawakan anda a panduan lengkap watak Thor dalam komik. Siapa dia, apa kuasanya, apa nama tukulnya yang kuat dan banyak lagi. Seperti yang anda akan lihat, kehidupan Thor penuh dengan fakta dan butiran yang sangat penting untuk alam semesta Marvel.
Bahawa Thor telah mengukir niche untuk dirinya sendiri di kalangan wira-wira Marvel yang paling terkenal tidak boleh dipertikaikan. Tidak begitu dikenali sebagai Spider-Man atau Captain America, dia, bagaimanapun, jauh lebih berkuasa daripada mereka dan telah memainkan peranan asas dalam sejarah komik.
jadi begini semua yang anda ingin tahu tentang watak Thor dalam komik dan anda tidak pernah berani bertanya.
Thor Odinson, dewa guruh, adalah seorang adiwira dari bangsa Asgardian, makhluk yang sangat berkuasa sehingga mereka disembah sebagai tuhan Oleh manusia. Anak kepada Odin, bapa kepada semua, dan kepada rambut api, avatar mutan Pasukan Phoenix yang berkuasa, mempunyai sikap kurang ajar dan agak tidak bertanggungjawab.
Atas sebab ini, bapanya menghukumnya dengan menghantarnya ke Bumi (Midgard untuk Asgardians) dengan ingatan terpadam dan identiti seorang doktor kurang upaya bernama Donald Blake.
Selepas mempelajari nilai mengambil berat terhadap orang lain dan merendah diri tentang kecederaannya, dia mendapat semula kuasanya dan menjadi seorang adiwira yang penting daripada Marvel.
Separuh Asgardian dan separuh mutan, dia boleh dikatakan seorang tuhan. Itu memberi anda:
Dan saya boleh membuat senarai yang tidak berkesudahan, kerana telah mempamerkan hampir semua kebolehan manusia luar biasa, yang membawa kepada soalan utama, yang kutu Mereka telah dilakukan sejak awal zaman.
Sembilan Dunia di Mitologi Nordik
Foto: film viking - Pathfinder
Dalam mitologi Nordik, terdapat sembilan dunia yang saling terhubung melalui pohon Yggdrasil, yang dianggap sebagai pusat dunia.
Setiap dunia memiliki karakteristik dan penghuni yang unik:
Asgard adalah dunia para Æsir, atau dewa-dewa tinggi yang berkuasa. Terletak di atas cabang Yggdrasil yang dialiri oleh mata air Urd.
Vanaheim adalah dunia para Vanir, yaitu dewa-dewi kecil yang berdekatan dengan Asgard di lingkungan dewa.
Alfheim merupakan tempat tinggal para Elf, yang merupakan ras dewa kecil yang mengatur kesuburan.
Midgard adalah dunia manusia, tempat tinggal makhluk yang tidak abadi.
Jötunheimr adalah dunia para Jotun, atau raksasa, yang sering kali menjadi musuh para dewa.
Svartálfheim adalah dunia para Svartálfar atau Dökkálfar, yaitu kaum elf dari kegelapan.
Niddhavell adalah dunia para Dwarf, atau orang kerdil, yang tinggal di gua-gua atau di bawah tanah sebagai penambang dan pengrajin logam yang mahir.
Niflheim adalah dunia bawah tanah yang dingin, dihuni oleh para Jotun es dan dikuasai oleh Hel, anak perempuan Loki.
Muspell atau Muspellheim adalah dunia api, menjadi tempat tinggal bagi Surt, raksasa yang kulitnya seperti lahar dan rambutnya berupa api.
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Sorotan dalam hidupnya
Thor sudah pasti menjadi salah seorang wira yang paling banyak terlibat dalam peristiwa skala kosmik yang bergema di seluruh alam semesta Marvel. Antara yang paling menonjol adalah yang berikut.
Thor ialah salah seorang pengasas The Avengers, fakta yang berlaku apabila beberapa wira-wira paling berkuasa mesti bersatu untuk hentikan Hulk yang dimanipulasi oleh Loki.
Thor telah mempunyai pelbagai identiti rahsia dan bergabung dengan mereka, sambil membuatnya empati kepada masalah manusia, juga menyebabkan masalah kepadanya. Pada suatu kesempatan, Infinity Watch, Thanos dan Doctor Strange bekerjasama untuk membantu Thor mendapatkan semula kewarasannya.
Peningkatan kuasa Thor tidak dapat dihalang dalam komik. Thor menerima takhta Asgard selepas kematian Odin, juga mendapat kuasanya dan menjadi sejenis tuhan yang akan memerintah bumi selama 200 tahun. Seperti biasa berlaku dalam Marvel, perjalanan masa membetulkan kekacauan.
Thor kehilangan keupayaan untuk mengangkat tukul selepas Nick Fury berbisik ke telinganya bahawa kami tidak akan mendedahkan kepada anda. Jane Foster, cintanya yang hebat, akan menggunakan Mjölnir dan dia akan mempunyai kuasanya.
